#Abscissa and charybdis movie#

Secondly, we show that a striking difference exists between the two mechanisms regarding their possible influence on the long-term evolutionary dynamics, which happens under an emergent trade-off situation arising from the multilevel selection. Firstly, we show that both mechanisms achieve the macroscopic stability of a replicator system through the evolutionary dynamics on mesoscopic entities that counteract that of microscopic entities. Here, we make a direct comparison between spatial self-organization and compartmentalization in simulated RNA-like replicator systems. Historically, these mechanisms have been given separate consideration for the interests on its own. For explicit multilevel selection, compartmentalization of replicators by vesicles has been suggested, which leads to higher level evolutionary dynamics among explicitly imposed mesoscopic entities (protocells). For implicit multilevel selection, spatial self-organization of replicator populations has been suggested, which leads to higher level selection among emergent mesoscopic spatial patterns (traveling waves). There are two types of multilevel selection mechanisms: implicit and explicit.

Multilevel selection has been indicated as an essential factor for the evolution of complexity in interacting RNA-like replicator systems. The time is from 0 to 19826 (see the legend of Figure 4 for the timescale). In every histogram, the abscissa ranges from 0 to 1 with 100 bins, and the ordinate ranges from 0 to 0.3. The lower panels are as follows: the first panel from the left depicts the frequency distribution of the average value of l of vesicles the second panel from the left depicts the frequency distribution of the average value of k L of vesicles the third panel from the left depicts the frequency distribution of the value of l of parasites the forth panel from the left depicts the frequency distribution of the value of k L of parasites. The color coding is the same as in the histograms, which are explained below. The upper right panel depicts the CA by the value of k L. The color coding is the same in Figure 2. The upper left panel depicts the CA by the value of l. The parameters were the same as in Figure 2 except that the size of the CA was reduced to N = 256 for visibility.

#Abscissa and charybdis movie#

A movie of an early part of an evolution simulation with the compartment model. The above results indicate that if d V is sufficiently small or k L ( l) is sufficiently great, the survival region of the original compartment model is mostly determined by the stability of internal replicator systems rather than by the growth of the target volume. As a corollary, one can also understand the result that, for greater values of k L, the two compartment models display a similar lower boundary of l. This is because the faster decay of the target volume (greater d V) has to be compensated by the greater growth of it (greater l and/or greater L). Moreover, the survival region of the compartment model with d V = 0.06 ( Figure S1A) is smaller than that of the modified compartment model ( Figure S1B). Figure S1 shows that the survival regions are similar between the compartment model with d V = 0.006 ( Figure 11B) and the modified compartment model ( Figure S1B). In A and B, the parameters not shown in the figure were the the same as in Figure 11B. B: The survival region of the modified compartment model, where the target volume V was fixed. d V was set to 0.06 (the same value as used in the evolution simulation). A: The survival region of the compartment model with a greater decay rate of target volume.

Figure S1: Survival region in the parameter surface of k L and l in other settings than in Figure 11.